Effect of fetal undernutrition and postnatal overfeeding on rat adipose tissue and organ growth at early stages of postnatal development.

Intrauterine and perinatal life are critical periods for programming of cardiometabolic diseases. However, their relative role remains controversial. We aimed to assess, at weaning, sex-dependent alterations induced by fetal or postnatal nutritional interventions on key organs for metabolic and cardiovascular control. Fetal undernutrition was induced by dam food restriction (50 % from mid-gestation to delivery) returning to ad libitum throughout lactation (Maternal Undernutrition, MUN, 12 pups/litter). Postnatal overfeeding (POF) was induced by litter size reduction from normally fed dams (4 pups/litter). Compared to control, female and male MUN offspring exhibited: 1) low birth weight and accelerated growth, reaching similar weight and tibial length by weaning, 2) increased glycemia, liver and white fat weights; 3) increased ventricular weight and tendency to reduced kidney weight (males only). Female and male POF offspring showed: 1) accelerated growth; 2) increased glycemia, liver and white fat weights; 3) unchanged heart and kidney weights. In conclusion, postnatal accelerated growth, with or without fetal undernutrition, induces early alterations relevant for metabolic disease programming, while fetal undernutrition is required for heart abnormalities. The progression of cardiac alterations and their role on hypertension development needs to be evaluated. The similarities between sexes in pre-pubertal rats suggest a role of sex-hormones in female protection against programming.

[Socioeconomic determinants in immigrant families]. / Determinantes socioeconómicos en un colectivo de familias inmigrantes.

INTRODUCTION: In the last few years, the number of immigrant families in Spain has greatly increased, which has challenged healthcare services and posed new health problems. OBJECTIVES: To determine the main social risk factors present in an immigrant population group in order to take active measures to ensure the appropriate development of children in this population. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study consisting of interviews with 179 foreign women with children under 1 year of age attending a public healthcare program. RESULTS: Most of the women were from Latin America (80 %), 11 % were from Morocco, and the remaining women were from other countries. A total of 14.5 % had university studies. In general, the women worked in domestic service and only 36 % had the documents required to live in Spain. Fifty-five percent of the women had lost their jobs because of their pregnancy. Most of the families lived in apartments with an average of 2.3 people per room, and 88 % shared their residence with other people. Twenty-five percent of the women had their first child before the age of 18 years. Pregnancy was unwanted in 50 % of the women. Seventy-one percent of deliveries were normal, and 83 % of the women breast-fed their children. Ninety-eight percent of the children were correctly vaccinated and 95 % visited a pediatrician regularly. CONCLUSIONS: The immigrant population is concentrated in the most disadvantaged social strata. Measures that provide adequate social support and healthcare to this population should be established to encourage the appropriate development of their children

Determinantes socioeconómicos en un colectivo de familias inmigrantes / Socioeconomic determinants in immigrant families

Introducción: En los últimos años ha habido un gran aumento de familias inmigrantes en España lo que supone un reto para la atención sanitaria y plantea nuevos problemas de salud. Objetivos: Conocer los principales factores de riesgo social presentes en un colectivo de población inmigrante con el fin de establecer medidas de actuación que aseguren un adecuado desarrollo de los niños de esta población. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal mediante encuesta a 179 mujeres extranjeras, madres de un niño menor de un año, atendidas en un programa sociosanitario. Resultados: La mayoría de las mujeres provienen de América Latina (80 por ciento), el 11 por ciento de Marruecos y el resto de otros países. El 14,5 por ciento tiene estudios universitarios. Trabajan fundamentalmente en el servicio doméstico y sólo el 36 por ciento tiene documentación para residir en España, el 55 por ciento de las mujeres ha perdido su trabajo por causa del embarazo. La mayoría de las familias viven en pisos con una media de 2,3 personas por habitación, compartiendo la vivienda con otras personas, el 88 por ciento. El 25 por ciento de las mujeres tuvo su primer hijo antes de los 18 años. El embarazo no fue deseado en el 50 por ciento de los casos. El 71 por ciento de los partos fue eutócico, el 83 por ciento amamantó al niño. El 98 por ciento de los niños están bien vacunados y el 95 por ciento acude regularmente al pediatra. Conclusiones: La población inmigrante se concentra en los estratos sociales más desfavorecidos. Es preciso establecer medidas que proporcionen atención sociosanitaria adecuada a esta población para favorecer un desarrollo correcto de sus hijos (AU)

Urinary infection after orthopedic procedures.

We have investigated prospectively the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in 5320 orthopaedic patients. There were 74 UTIs (1.39%). Enterobacteriaceae was the most frequent etiological agent. Each infection increased the length of stay in hospital by more than 8 days. Statistically independent risk factors for the development of urinary infection were a preoperative stay of more than 4 days, inadequate preoperative preventive measures, central venous catheterization and urinary catheterization. Sex, age, or type of surgery had no statistical influence on the development of infection.

Caracterización de las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores de la comunidad de madrid que han sufrido un accidente de trabajo: estudio descriptivo / Characterization of work conditions of Madrid Community workers that have suffered a work accident: descriptive study

La presente investigación pretende describir las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores de la Administración Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid que han sufrido un accidente de trabajo en los dos últimos años y que acudieron a la Unidad Administrativa Colaboradora de la Comunidad de Madrid. A los participantes se les suministró un cuestionario específico, elaborado para tal fin, mediante el cual se recogió información sobre datos demográficos, valoración de las condiciones laborales e historia de la accidentalidad laboral La muestra constó de 156 sujetos. Con los datos obtenidos realizó un análisis descriptivo de la distribución de las diferentes variables. Los principales resultados obtenidos fueron. el 75 por ciento de los encuestados no había recibido formación previa acerca de su trabajo y los riesgos relacionados con el mismo, la temperatura se destaca como el factor físico, más desfavorable, la carga psícofísica muestra una gran relevancia y las principales causas de accidentes laborales son las caídas de personas (30,9 por ciento) y los cortes o pinchazos (22,8 por ciento). Estos resultados nos lleva a proponer un incremento de las medidas de formación e información en seguridad e higiene ¡ahora¡, así como un estudio exhaustivo de los aspectos ergonómicos y de d¿seño de los puestos de trabajo. (AU)

[Alcohol and tobacco consumption of middle school students in the municipality of Madrid]. / Consumo de alcohol y tabaco en estudiantes de 3. degrees de BUP del municipio de Madrid.

We studied alcohol and tobacco abuse un 842 students from 24 different schools in Madrid. The information was obtained from validated questionnaires adapted to our country. The most important outcomes were: 43% of the students drank alcohol at least once a week (especially on weekends). Most of the consumption was moderate on working days, but increased significantly on feastdays P < 0.001). Twenty-seven percent of the students smoked daily and 17% smoked occasionally. Of these students, 69% smoked less than 10 cigarettes per day (c/d), 28% 10-20 c/d and 3% more than 20 c/d. They usually started smoking and drinking at 14 years of age. Men drank more frequently and heavier than women, but there were no sex differences in tobacco usage. We did not find any differences between social status or type of school.

[Poliomyelitis vaccination and immunization status of school children. School Health Team of the Center of Health Promotion]. / Encuesta vacunal y estado de inmunización frente a la poliomielitis en escolares. Equipos de Salud Escolar de Los Centros de Promoción de la Salud.

This study presents the results of a vaccination inquire in 2,078 schoolchildren: 807 students in the first year of General Basic Education (G.B.E.) and 1,227 students in the last year of G.B.E. attending public and private schools of the Council of Madrid. The presence of antibodies against the three polio-viruses was determined in 1,509 schoolchildren. About 68.3% of the students received the complete schedule of vaccinations, with 84.7% belonging the group of children in the first year of G.B.E. and 51.2% belonging to that in the last year of G.B.E. (p < 0.01). The percentage of children immunized against the three polioviruses was 92.7%, with 94% of the students in the first year of G.B.E. being immunized and 92% of those in the last year of G.B.E. (p < 0.01). We found differences in the immunization rate between those students receiving more or less than three doses of vaccine. We compared our study with other seroepidemiologic studies undertaken in our country.